Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by deficits in social communication and social interaction and the presence of restricted, repetitive behaviours.

 

Although no single cause has been identified, the available data suggest that autism results from different sets of causal factors, including genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors.

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• Genetic Factors: Research suggests that certain genes may increase the risk of developing autism. Many studies have shown that autism tends to run in families, and identical twins are more likely to both be affected than fraternal twins or siblings.

• Neurobiological Factors: Abnormalities in the genetic code may result in abnormal mechanisms for brain development, leading in turn to structural and functional brain abnormalities, cognitive and neurobiological abnormalities, and symptomatic behaviors

• Environmental Factors: While the exact environmental factors contributing to autism are still unclear, researchers have identified several possibilities, including prenatal factors such as maternal infections during pregnancy, exposure to certain chemicals or drugs during pregnancy, and complications during birth

 

Treatment:

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• Early Intervention: Early diagnosis and intervention are key to improving outcomes for individuals with autism. Starting therapy and support as early as possible can lead to better long-term outcomes.

• Speech and Language Therapy: Many individuals with autism have difficulties with speech and language. Speech therapy can help improve communication skills, including both verbal and nonverbal communication.

• Occupational Therapy: Occupational therapists work with individuals with autism to improve their ability to perform daily tasks and develop fine motor skills.

• Educational Support: Special education services can help tailor educational programs to meet the individual needs of children with autism, focusing on areas where they may struggle while capitalising on their strengths.

• Behavioural Therapies: Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is one of the most widely used and effective therapies for autism. It focuses on improving specific behaviours, such as social skills, communication, and adaptive learning skills.

• Medication: While medication cannot cure autism, it can help manage certain symptoms such as anxiety, depression, or hyperactivity that may coexist with the condition.